| | | ᠲᠤᠰ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠴᠢᠷᠤᠳ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ᠂ | ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ1665 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠮᠦᠷᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ | ᠤᠪᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠲᠦ ﹇ᠦᠨᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ﹈ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠳᠤᠷᠵᠢ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠯᠵᠠᠶᠢᠮᠦᠷᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠲᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠤ | ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠃ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠰᠤᠲᠤᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠬᠤᠯᠠ᠂ ᠪᠠᠯᠴᠢᠷᠤᠳ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠲᠠᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠲᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠪᠰᠢ ᠬᠠᠸᠠᠩᠨᠢᠶᠠᠭᠷᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠮᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠨ ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ﹇1602﹈ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ | ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠪᠠᠯᠴᠢᠷᠤᠳ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠪᠤᠨᠢᠶᠠᠩ ﹇ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠩ﹈ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ | ᠤᠨ ᠴᠦᠩ ᠵᠧᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠲᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ﹇1638﹈ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠷᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡ | ᠢᠷᠸᠠ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠸᠠᠩᠨᠢᠶᠠᠭᠷᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠦᠰᠦᠭᠯᠡᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠳᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠭᠡᠮ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠠᠰᠠᠷᠤ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠪᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠠᠮᠤᠷ ᠮᠡᠨᠲᠦ ᠪᠤᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠪᠤᠨᠢᠶᠠᠩ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠶᠡᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ﹇1651﹈᠂ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠤᠯᠠᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ | ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠤᠷᠵᠢ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠮ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠪᠤᠨᠢᠶᠠᠩ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ | ᠢ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠬᠢᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠭᠠᠴᠢᠨ | ᠴᠤᠷᠵᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠳᠤᠷᠵᠢ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠳᠤᠷᠵᠢ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠷᠢ | ᠲᠡᠳᠬᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠪᠡᠲᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ᠂ ﹇1749﹈᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠷᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ | ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠲᠤᠷᠵᠢ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠂ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢ | ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠡᠤᠬᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠲᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠤᠤᠯ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ | ᠶᠢ1665 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠡᠨᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ | ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠵᠤᠶᠢᠲᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠤᠨᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤᠩᠷᠤᠪᠪᠠᠯᠵᠤᠤᠷ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠷᠢ | ᠲᠡᠳᠬᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠪᠡᠲᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ﹇1749﹈ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠬᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠴᠢ | ᠶᠢᠰᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ﹇1784﹈ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠲᠦᠷᠪᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠯᠢᠭᠳᠠᠨᠽᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠬᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ | ᠤᠨ ﹇1787﹈ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠨᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ | ᠵᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠪᠠᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠦ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠨ | ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ﹇1846﹈᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠫᠧᠷᠯᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠮᠰᠤ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠦᠷᠦ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ | ᠤᠨ ﹇1848﹈᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠪᠡᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ | ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨᠠ ᡀᠠᠰᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠦᠢ ᠽᠠᠩ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠢ | ᠰᠤᠲᠤᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃1912 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠢᠷᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠯᠰᠠᠩᠯᠤᠩᠷᠤᠪᠵᠠᠮᠰᠤ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃1912 ᠤᠨ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠬᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨᠠ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠲᠠᠯᠠ ﹇ᠤᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨᠲᠠᠯᠠ﹈ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠶᠢᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠠᠪᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ | ᠪᠠᠬᠢᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠴᠤᠤ ᠮᠡᠶᠢᠷᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠬᠠᠮᠠᠳ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠪᠡ᠃ | ᠪᠠᠨᠴᠢᠬᠷᠲᠡᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂1918 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠢᠰᠤᠲᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠲᠦᠷ | ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃1935 ᠤᠨ᠂ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠭ᠋ᠠᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠠᠪᠷᠤᠩ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠴᠠᠵᠦ | ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠷᠠᠽᠠᠩ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠳᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃1942 —1943 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠯᠴᠢᠷᠤᠳ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠤᠤᠯ ᠴᠤᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠩ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠵᠦ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠯᠪᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | | | |