| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ⑴ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | JPiaget | J | J S Bruner | | | | | | | | | | | | 1946 | | | | | | 5% 10% | 20% 30% | 50 % | 70% 90% | 30% | | 30% | | | | | | | ⑵ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1986 | | 300 | 5000 12000 | 12000 | | 23000 | 2000-3000 | 8000-9000 | 4000-4500 6000 | 8000-12000 | | | 80000 3500 | 3000 | | 1000 2000 | 3000 | 3500 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ⑶ | 2018 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ① | | ② | | | | ③ | | | | | | ① | | ② | | ③ | | | | ① | | ② | | ③ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ⒈ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ⒉ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ⒊ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. | 2013 | 2. | | 2013 | 3. | | 2018 | 4. 3 6 | | 2017 | 5. | | 2018 | 6. | | 2008 | 7. | | 2012 | 8. | 2011 | | | | | |